saponification

Saponification is the chemical reaction that happens when an ester (also known as a base, a fatty acid, or an oil) is heated with an alkali (sodium hydroxide). The reaction first splits the fats or oils into a free alcohol (glycerin) and an acid salt (soap). Then the sodium (or potassium) joins with the oil (fat), becoming the sodium (or potassium) salt of the fatty acid, or, in other words, soap.

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